Scipio Africanus: Greater Than Napoleon by Sir Basil Henry Liddell Hart

Scipio Africanus: Greater Than Napoleon by Sir Basil Henry Liddell Hart

The subtitle accurately reflects Liddell Hart's opinion of Scipio Africanus. Liddell Hart was a leading British military historian and strategist between the two world wars of the 20th century. But in 1926 at age 31, he wrote this brilliant concise history of the third century BCE Roman general. Publius Scipio Africanus led the Romans to victory over the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War. He defeated the better known Hannibal in the Battle of Zama in 202 BCE.

After a brief introduction and the story of Hannibal's defeat of Scipio's father in 211 BCE, Liddell Hart takes the reader through Scipio's victorious campaign against the Carthaginians in the Iberian Peninsula. Liddell Hart is unstinting in his praise of the Scipio's willingness and ability to innovate and break free from stale military strategies and tactics. He also lauds Scipio's generous treatment of the native tribes and even his defeated foes. Scipio returns home to election as consul and appointment as general for Sicily and Africa. Liddell Hart portrays Scipio as beset by conservative and jealous senators more anxious to drag him down than to further Roman interests.

Scipio narrowly prevails over his political enemies, but is granted a very small force in Sicily. Scipio overcomes all odds, takes his army to Africa and defeats the legendary and much more experienced Hannibal. He returns to Rome and an increasingly unhappy struggle against his political foes led by Cato the Elder.

Liddell Hart's writing is clear and concise (the Da Capo Press version is just 280 pages). He makes military strategy and tactics accessible to the general reader. From both the context and numerous comments, it is clear that Liddell Hart's high opinion of Scipio Africanus was against the grain of accepted scholarship at the time. He is especially dismissive of the opinions of the academic historians with no military background. I will leave it to others to argue the relative merits of Liddell Hart's view of the Roman general, but his book is well worth reading.

***

© National Portrait Gallery, London.
Painted on the eve of the Second World War, this portrait includes references to the impending conflict. Maps of Europe appear as a cloud and within a bubble; alluding to the instability of the continent. The 'listening' ears were included by the artist in the belief that Liddell Hart may have had some connection with the Secret Services.

See Hart's entry at openlibrary.org.

See Hart's grave.